Hr Aspect of a Company

This could be training the knowledge and clarity of thought that a retain kind of person is required to do a certain kind of task with a certain form of talent. Then starts the deal of profiling the said candidates and the best are chosen and taken aboard. The resumes of these candidates strictly related to the work the employee is meant to do or various other forms of training methods to improve the overall efficiency of the individual (Asks and Bellower 640). Training and development are closely related.All kinds of development that is seen in an employee stems from training In his/her work field or otherwise however, all forms of training need not serially lead to assured development. This Is when the human resources wing of the company comes Into the picture and Is expected to do a good Job. Calabash, Van Dam and Hutchins (2010) stated that â€Å"I didn't list listening as one of my skills, probably because I TLD hear what the Interviewer asked† (p. 1 94). This Is a typica l problem with inefficient human resources and it should be countered appropriately.The entire process of recruitment begins with are then studied to understand where their career is headed. This is done to keep in mind in case later on there is a chancy in a different position, the same people can be employed instead of hiring fresh from outside. In this article, the training programs available at the Marriott International Group of Hotels will be discussed at length. To start off, it is important to understand and accept that the labor force employed In the hotel and hospitality industry is the most refined and expensive.As a result, It Is essential that through various motivational, skill oriented and product related training, this workforce Is retained by a substantial period of time. Else the cost of recruiting fresh people will e unnecessary. This brand Is one of the top In the world, so as part of their corporate training responsibility, they ensure that proper training is me ted out to each and every member of the work force, right from the entry level to the head honchos (Fischer and Friedman 21).Marriott takes on board the smartest young faces from the universities and most hard working people from other sources to Join the team. Marriott management-training positions offer these candidates opportunities to enhance their careers and the future of the Marriott business (Fischer and Friedman 22). On a societal level, a complete and collective approach to the hospitality workforce has a direct impact on the money that communities make. Hotels create Jobs and salary is generated through both direct employment and a large network of suppliers.Woodlouse (2012) noted that â€Å"Some people today are wandering generalities Instead of meaningful specifics because they have failed to discover and mine the wealth of potentials In them† (p. 1141 Amorist's Management Development Program (MID) is a convenient program that is paced to suit individual training to entry-level Marriott managers with the knowledge and skills that are accessory to perform their work and provide top class customer service. This program will also assist in developing discipline oriented and on-the-Job technical acumen needed to be excellent in the Job.The management skills needed to ensure a path breaking career with this top notch hotel will improve as an assistant food and beverages manager will be different from the responsibilities of a floor manager. Career opportunities too are a plenty in Marriott. The example of Steven Craig is very popular in the circles of Marriott. He comes from the city of Chicago and loves the boy band Battles and plays guitar, bass and piano. Steven has also found a firm place in his career at Marriott.In Just a little over four years with Marriott, he has performed so well that his efforts have been recognized and show cased. He has maintained quite a good track record. Steven has already gained a lot of experience at several un ique large sized companies. Also, in his present role as Assistant General Manager, has even assisted in opening a hotel from the ground floor upwards (Chubbier, Van Dam and Hutchins 191). Steven Joined Marriott straight completing his graduation examination as a fresher, through the ManagementDevelopment Program of Marriott and has been very happy with the career development and enhancement possibilities that has been provided to him. He says that every day is an all new experience for him. There are plenty of challenges and hard tasks he has to complete but he feels grateful that invariably he gets the support he needs to deliver good customer service and his performance to the next level of excellence. Marriott understands its employees better than most in the market at their level. They understood that Steven has a great passion for music.Steven understands the importance of working harmoniously in the workplace too. He says that as an Assistant General Manager he has to get int o several roles and his work is not limited to any one area only. He has to oversee and supervise various functions of the hotel such as front office, food and beverages desk, room service, security and housekeeping. He has to ensure that his team is in sync and working together collectively as a unit and performing under all possible situations, favorable or otherwise.There has to be one person who has to keep people together, keep them motivated and pleased. It is a big challenge for him but that is part of his daily work and he enjoys it fully. He has to be available at all times for his staff in case they find themselves in a spot of bother. Stevens love for music makes him tuned in to his responsibilities so well (Woodlouse 1135-1137). The teamwork training opportunities are also healthy in the Marriott. Famous lecturers come to their training rooms to speak to the staff and motivate them to work together to reach their goals.They develop various training modules and workshops to help deliver them messages better. Big speakers here include Gregg Gregory who spoke to the team and beseeches them to come together during his personal loss and how Alex Shame and he rest of the team members allowed him to get over the emotional stress (Chubbier, Van Dam and Hutchins 197-199). Marriott is also well known for the communication training it provides to its employees. Their spoken language has to be impeccable to keep up their standards and their competitive place in the market.There are professional trainers available who hone the skills of the staff and also Woodlouse (2012) stated, â€Å"Library Instruction is beneficial to all students. Learning together as a group reduces some of the stress and anxiety students may have when trying to learn about the libraries' various resources. The instruction sessions are customized presentations, with hands-on training when possible, specifically tailored to class's assigned research† (up. 1137-1138). The think tank of Marriott is now slowly and steadily delving into the details and benefits of creative thinking on the part of its employees.

Popular Culture Essay Essay

Although there are some parts of popular culture that make it into high culture, popular culture is transient; it describes the way of life, attitudes, and passions of mostly younger people. These views usually change as they age and gain real life experience. This essay will cover culture, popular culture, three major trends in popular American culture and how popular American culture affects personal decision making. Culture is the united design of social understanding, faith, and conduct that hinges on the ability to search for knowledge and spread it to future generations. It is also the ordinary principles, collective customs, and measurable qualities of ethnic, religious, or a community. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012) â€Å"The soul takes nothing with her to the next world but her education and her culture.† (Plato, 2012) Popular cultural is the understanding and actions of a particular set of people in a particular era. It is also television shows (like Reality TV) or marketable goods (like sagging pants, oversized shirts, hats designed to be worn backward, etc.) made for, or targeted at particular set of people. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012) In this student’s opinion popular culture comes and goes and only defines an era not its people. Three major trends in today’s society are a digital society, sexual explicitness, and a general lack of personal responsibility. Americans live in a digital society that relies on technology more than personal relationships. We do a great deal of shopping and purchasing online and have become a society where the sexier it is the better. Almost everything on television, in magazines, and even our music have become permeated with sexual overtones and innuendos. Finally, we have a dilemma with the lack of personal responsibility in our country; recently there have been several lawsuits against fast food restaurants for making people fat. Americans need to accept responsibility for our own actions; it was not the fast food restaurants that made us fat, rather it was our decision to eat there that did. Popular American culture affects personal decision making various ways, whether it is the type of food we buy, the music we listen to, electronics we purchase, and even the people we date. In this student’s opinion the Internet is the single most influential popular culture influencer of our time. We use it for everything from dating, shopping, exploring, studying, traveling, relaxing, and so much more. Popular culture  affects us in almost every decision we make. Although there are some parts of popular culture that makes it into high culture, popular culture is transient. This essay covered culture, popular culture, three major trends in popular American culture and how popular American culture affects personal decision making. â€Å"Culture is made of everything that enables man to maintain, enhance or transform without weakening it, the ideal image of himself that it has inherited.† (Malraux, 2001) References Malraux, A. (2001, May 2). UCL – Discours recteur Marcel Crochet. Retrieved from http://sites.uclouvain.be/actualites/dhc2001/drecteur.html Oxford English Dictionary. (2012, June). Retrieved from http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/view/Entry/45746?rskey=BftxmA&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid Plato. (2012, June 4). Here, There, and Everywhere. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/here-there-and-everywhere/201206/whats-after-30-quotes-the-afterlife

Cats Cradle Reflection

Society makes something up and pretends it’s something it’s not. For instance, religion says it has all the answer, but when it is examined closer, nothing is really there. † Throughout Vonnegut’s book â€Å"Cat’s Cradle,† Jonah exposes many examples of why he does not believe in Christianity or any other religion besides the one religion he established, Bokononism. I personally see where Jonah is coming from, the fact that there are statements in the old testament that we do not follow even though they may be stated more that once. Although, there are a couple of things that I agree on with Jonah and Bokononism; I concur with Liana Price’s Essay on â€Å"Understanding Religion Through Cat’s Cradle. † As stated in Cat’s Cradle earlier in the book; the old testament states expectations for Christians that are not even being considered and people are living around these â€Å"rules. † Vonnegut himself is a Humanist; he is not sure of God’s existence but values life above all else. Even though he does state in his latest novel Timequake that people need religion as something to turn on for comfort and support. I agree on this statement, I believe that humans need someone to think about, talk to, and to unconsciously ask favors too. Atheists are people who do not believe in the existence of any divine beings. Even though this is supposed to be their actual belief they still swear to God. Which to me personally sounds like they need someone to blame for. There are many reasons why people don’t â€Å"believe† in any divine beings but unconsciously they somehow do. Newt’s father and brother serve as an example in this novel of the scientific views of religion. Which is surprising being that technically Newt’s father did invent the atomic bomb that killed thousands of people and he is referred as â€Å" so innocent he was practically a Jesus. † How in the world is a man who killed thousands referred to as Jesus when in reality Jesus was killed to save thousands? This is oxymoronic; which is one of the reasons on why I disagree with Cat’s Cradle. Julian who calls himself a Bokononist because he agrees that all religions are lies which is what Bokononism is. He fits as a Bokononist because he recognizes that the need for religion is necessary to make someone feel better whether it is scientific, truthful or not. Ice Nine is a method of being able to freeze all bodies of water which are oceans , lakes, rivers, etc. Ice Nine was invented by Felix Hoenikker and his invention also has effect on humans. As soon as it touches human skin or has contact with the inside of the body all blood turns into ice and the person dies instantaneously. Bokonon gets trapped by the people of San Lorenzo and they tell him what God has done and ask what they should do. Bokonon wanting the easy way out, tells the people that God was surely trying to kill them. Bokonon wanted to give them a simple way out so he told them to touch the Ice Nine and their blood froze and they instantaneously died. Although, Bokonon being a genius himself did not take his own advice, because he knew it was worthless. Overall, Vonnegut is a great writer and can express himself in a very unique way that I admire. Although I do disagree with his book Cat’s Cradle. Bokononism is the religion of the belief that all religions are based on lies and people don’t need God. The people of San Lorenzo were targeted to become Bokononists and practice Bokonon’s beliefs. They ended up losing their lives because they believed that God was trying to kill them. I agree with most of the reflection of Liana Price about Bokononism.

Behavioral Finance In Corporate Governance Independent Directors And Essay

Behavioral Finance In Corporate Governance Independent Directors And Non-Executive Chairs, And The Importance Of The Devils Advocate - Essay Example Introduction †¢ many employees sacrifice their careers and reputation because of loyalty to their CEO †¢ Loyalty is misused through misplaced loyalty in certain organizations. Milgram experiment †¢ Milgram experiment test innate loyalty through psychology experiment. †¢ psychological attributes of the respondents was testing in mock experiment †¢ subjects were made to electrocute stranger contrary to their own beliefs Leadership and corporate governance †¢ Modern liberal corporate governance calls for different professionals in leadership restrained by laws and rules. †¢ The leaders are given different authorities to run organizations. †¢ The CEO have are appointed by the Board of the organization †¢ The boards remain loyal even to CEOs that are misguided. †¢ Many boards detest disagreeing with CEO they feel that would be perceived as disloyalty. Dissenting peers and conflicting authorities †¢ The Milgram experiment explains how people dissent peers and conflict authority. †¢ Cases of dissenting peers voice their concerns; the subjects reduce their loyalty levels to the authority.

Dashboard and Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dashboard and Executive Summary - Essay Example In this respect, the sales departments are charged with the responsibility of determining the effectiveness of the products of the company and the company rating among the consumers/customers. The sales design management team of Coca-Cola collected the following data from the survey on different variables that measure the performance of the organization in this competitive industry. The data collected measures the rating of the company services and products over the last four year. Besides, these information also measure the variations in the performance of Coca-Cola using key performance indicators (KPI) such as sales volume, market share and profitability index. Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 Sales Volume 20% 17% 16.3% 14.1% Profitability 23% 22% 11% 19% Market share 51% 50.2% 48% 48.6% Production cost 12% 12% 17% 19.2% No. of new customers 5% 7% 2% 3.1% From the above company performance dash board, it is evidenced that although the company is performing averagely in the industry, the s urvey indicates inconsistency in the industrial outcome over the last four years. Although Coca-Cola still has the dominant share and control of the soft drink and non-alcoholic drinks industry, the market share is slightly declining following the economic liberalization that allows room for other competitors to join the industry with diversity of products (Hays 12). This gives the consumers arrange of differentiated products to choose from. The entry of new firms in the market over the last decade has resulted into a continuous decline in the market share dominance of Coca-Cola. This was led to the slight decline in the market dominance from 51% in 2009 to 48.6% in 2012. Owing to the global economic and financial contagion of 2008-2009, the cost of production has been on the rise from 2009-2012. This because, the economic stability is yet to be realized globally, thereby making firms (including Coca-Cola) to invest more resource factoring in the expansionary inflationary pressure o n the production and raw materials that are essential for the entire process. The rise in the cost of production has negatively impacted on the sales and profitability index of the company. Over the last four years, as demonstrated above, the profitability index of Coca-Cola has significantly dropped. From 2009 to 2011, the records on the dash board indicate that the company profits have been falling from 23 to 11%. However, the little economic recovery in the last quarter of 2011 and 2012 resulted into a boom in the profitability index to 19% in 2012 (Hays 56-7). Consequently, the sales volume for the company also decline over-time since 2009 forcing the firm to revert to modern approaches of marketing and popularizing its product. It is revealed that the entry of new firms and the increasing customer base of other competitors such Pepsi-Cola have contributed to this fall in sales and profit margins. The survey also involved the customer survey on the variables such as satisfaction , likelihood of re-purchase, quality, pricing, design, and recommending Coca-Cola products to others. The outcome of the survey is as tabulated and dashed below. Year 2009 2010 2011 2011 Customer Satisfaction 72% 75% 81% 73% Re-purchase likelihood 67% 67% 69% 67% Recommending Coca to others 65% 71% 78% 56% Product Quality and Pricing 87% 70% 76% 72% The above dash board shows the customers’ level of satisfaction with the services and quality of products of Coca-Cola. Regarding the

Global warming & economy problems with Cold Waves Research Paper

Global warming & economy problems with Cold Waves - Research Paper Example These heat also contain unprecedented levels of humidity along with extreme temperatures, the heat index touches dangerous levels because of these dangerous factors. Nothing much is known about heat waves because heat waves are usually not seen like hurricanes, tornadoes and other such things. Hyperthermia and dehydration are commonly caused because of heat waves; these can be very deadly and at times life-threatening also. Crops are also damaged because of extreme heat waves, heat expansion and heat cramps are also commonly caused by heat waves. The dry soil erodes affecting agricultural land; no agricultural activities are possible once the soil is eroded. Temperature is often increased overnight by several folds because of the urban heat island. It also affects the animals, livestock and other animal population can also reduce significantly because of heat waves. â€Å"Global warming has loaded the dice in favor of heat waves and may be to blame for the scorching weather across m uch of the United States and Europe this summer, according to several of the world's leading climate scientists.† (Global Warming) Like heat waves there are cold waves also, again nothing much is known about cold waves because it cannot be seen like other things.

Research Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Method - Essay Example Bank of Muscat pays special consideration to the employee welfare and it undertakes a number of training programs in order to build employee skills and to increase competence within its workforce. And this has been the core reason for selecting Bank Muscat as the organization to be researched. As a part of the study the factors that affect the effectiveness of the internal environment of a business setting a number of options of study were available to be analyzed. Out of the variety of the topics which included Performance Appraisal, Leadership Effectiveness and Team Building, the Impact of training on Employee performance was chosen as the topic of the research. The dissertation proposed basically focuses on the extent to which training the employees pays off in the context of the Job satisfaction, Employee Efficiency, Customer Satisfaction and ultimately Organizational performance. The theme of the dissertation would be analyzed on the basis of a research conducted over the internal environment of Bank Muscat. The findings of the research would then be utilized to test the theories developed in the past and to modify them so as to improve their application to the current business scenarios. Moreover the research would serve the purpose of key decision making to managers and would help in improving the understanding of key Human Resource Management concepts. The basic purpose of undertaking the dissertation is to analyze the effect of training on employee’s performance and ultimately on the organization’s success. The outcome of the research will be used deduce the extent of training that is being provided to the employees at Bank Muscat and its degree of effectiveness as perceived by them. The dissertation will also be used to find out the significance of maintaining the internal environment for an organization. Since the dawn

Equity and trusts Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and trusts Degree - Case Study Example This is so because, even though equity looks at intent and not form, equity is also bound to take cognizance of the express will of the Parliament. We shall now turn our attention to the provisions of the will made by James: a. 100 000 to my beloved sister - Emily, in absolute confidence that she will use a decent amount to look after my step daughter, Mary: James is entitled to leave as much money as he wills to his sister or on trust for his step daughter. The problem we have in the scenario at hand is that of the three certainties i.e. whether what James stated amounts to a declaration of trust over the 100,000 The second is whether the amount left for Mary is identifiable The issue of objects does not seem problematic as Mary is clearly the intended beneficiary. The last problem that we will deal with is what would happen to the 100,000 if no trust is to be found. To consider whether James has created a valid trust or gave a power of appointment. In Re Weekes' Settlement (1897) a testatrix left property to her husband with a 'power to dispose of all such property by will amongst our children in accordance with the power granted to him as regards the other property which I have under my marriage settlements.' The court decided that the document did not create a trust for the children of the testatrix but a mere power of appointment for the husband to distribute the money if he willed. In the will left by James, an analogy could easily be drawn with the facts in Re Weekes' Settlement (1897). He has left the 100,000 to his sister with a power of appointment that she could use a decent amount of the money for the care of James's step daughter. There are also cases where a relatively clearer intention was found like in Mussorie Bank Ltd v Reynor (1882), here also the question was whether the testator actually wanted to create a trust. However, in light of cases like Lambe v Eames (1871) where the Court of Appeal refused to hold a valid trust because the testator left a estate to his widow stating 'to be at her disposal in any way she may think best, for the benefit of herself and her family' seems to be closest to facts at hand. The only problem in concluding that the money was an absolute gift to Emily is the case of Comiskey v Bowring-Hanbury (1905), where a trust was held on the words 'in full confidence that', in our case, similar words are used. In Comiskey however, the testator's words were construed in such a way also because they were followed by an instruction that if the wife died without devising the property to her nieces then the property will be divided equally amongst them. James uses similar words, 'in absolute confidence' but one may be bound to incline towards earlier authorities as there are no further instructions. This indicates two things, first, that

Effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment Essay

Effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment - Essay Example The financial crisis of 2008 was observed to impose non-negligible impacts on the Middle East, particularly Qatar, holding the biggest position in the oil and gas resources. The fall in the oil and gas price, have further, strongly impacted the Middle East causing adverse affects the region of Qatar. The decrease in the oil and gas price has made larger exporters to observe the bad debt scenario and has also challenged the countries to pay off their international debts with greater transparency (Council on Foreign Relations, 2009). This not only slowed down the economic growth prospects, affecting the price on the commodity (Setser, 2008). Additionally, it made Middle East countries like Qatar suffer with limited financial capacity to fund projects on continuation, resulting in their failure to suffice developmental needs in time and as planned. Moreover, as the country withdrew from importing vast amount of oil and gas from the US to rejuvenate its financial position, it greatly impacted the monetary policy of the United States Federal Reserve, causing political and economic disruptions in the international trade practices for both the nations (Setser, 2008). Consequently, the sovereign wealth and central bank were considered for greater use in helping the firms and local banks aimed at stabilizing the fiscal position of the economy by refinancing their growing debts. Since the financial crisis, Qatar has used sovereign funds at a greater proportion to recapitalize their banking system and other smaller countries within the Middle East region, shifting its prime focus from attracting foreign funds. To maintain domest ic investment at a positive side and backstop the banks from incurring greater debts in the international market, many Gulf governments needed to draw on their accessible assets (Isfahani, 2008). A direct effect of the financial crisis was observed on the financial institution and the real estate of Qatar, as these

Behavioural effects of alcoholism in young people Essay

Behavioural effects of alcoholism in young people - Essay Example ion of alcoholism on modern medicine, alcoholism can be triggered by the intake of alcohol and the resulting ailment can be affected by different factors such as the quantity of the alcohol taken, the frequency of alcohol consumption, the capacity or tolerance in terms of intake. These factors differ for each person. In addition, although the biological mechanism underpinning alcoholism are uncertain, some suggested risk factors include social environment, stress, emotional health, genetic predisposition, age and gender (Goodwin, 2000). The objectives of the study then is to present background information on the problem of alcoholism by presenting the composition and history of the beverage, the main causes of alcoholism and ultimately the effects of alcoholism to young members of the population. There are different perspectives involved in the issue of alcoholism. One is the chemical composition of the alcohol, although it cannot be considered the main reason for having alcoholism since the ailment is mainly based on behaviour of the person. Although this is the case it is important to determine the composition of the alcoholic beverages. The development of alcoholic beverages in different parts of the world such as the ancient era represented by Babylon in 2,700 BC, China in 7000 BC, India between 3000 and 2000 BC, and Greece in 1700 BC and the modern era represented by the Pre-Columbian America and Early Modern Europe. After the continuous significant influence of alcoholic beverages in the social and cultural aspect, incidence of alcoholism increased (InterAlcohol.co.uk, 2010c). One of the points that are needed to be considered is the alcohol and its cultural and historical role in the English region specifically. Through the history of Britain and other European countries, the role of alcoholic beverages is recognized. In the 18th century, England was renowned for having the ‘Gin and Debauchery’ which is a mayor producer of alcoholic beverages.

Time and Memories Essay Example for Free

Time and Memories Essay Gwen Harwood’s poetry has provided me and hopefully you with some great wisdom and insight into our lives. Today I will be making meaning from the texts â€Å"At Mornington† and â€Å"The Violets† by Gwen Harwood. I am here, as a seventeen year old student, giving my own response through the analysis of the themes â€Å"Memory† and â€Å"Childhood to Adulthood†, the techniques which support them and through the application of psychoanalytical readings to her poetry. What we will see is that there are links present in what the composer is trying to say and in the critical interpretations of her poetry. Memories make the individual understand who they are, wouldn’t you agree? Without them we would just be robots. For example, just this morning I remembered a childhood memory of India. I remembered that everyday I would try and reach the light switch which always seemed so far away. Before I knew it, I could turn the light on and off with ease. It was only this memory that allowed me to reflect that from as young as a child I had been trying to reach things much higher than me. Who here could imagine not having any memories of their childhood? In the poem â€Å"At Mornington† by Gwen Harwood the fragility and nature of memories is questioned while it is concluded that it is through memories that one can accept death. The composer often uses the structure of her poetry to create meaning. For example, â€Å"At Mornington† is completely written in free verse, which means the composer’s thought process is allowed to be flexible supporting how memories suddenly come about. Let’s face it; memories do not exactly follow a rule†¦ They just come, sometimes with or without a trigger. This is exactly the case in â€Å"At Mornington† where the composer is left with an unexpected spark of memory while she stands with her friend on the parents’ grave. The composer describes this spark through a simile comparing this behaviour of memories with ‘light in a sea-wet shell’. The ‘light’ in the ‘sea-wet shell’ refers to the numerous colours produced when the light is focused on a common sea-shell. This to me means the childhood memories that we suddenly come across are diverse and in a way colour our lives. The most important message in this poem is the finality of death, and the role memories play in accepting it. The composer thinks of death ‘no more’ when she thinks of her father and more so the time spent with her friend. I can see the time with her friend metaphorically meaning the ‘peace’ of this day. This is the ultimate ‘peace’ for the composer as she approaches that inevitable death. I know you do not want to think of death right now but it is inevitable, and it is always assuring if memories are on our side. When I am older and nearing death, I can cling onto that nostalgic memory of reaching higher to reach the switch, and I can even tell my kids about it. There are many ways poems can be interpreted, there is my personal view but there are also other macro views. There is the Christian viewpoint that would argue that the memories of her father refer to God, and it is the memories of him that allow the composer to confront death because fathers as we know are a source of comfort, and in this case the fathers represent the ultimate father: God. However I do not have a strong Christian background, and I would rather see things through a psychoanalytical approach. In addition, I believe a psychoanalytical perspective applies better to the themes of Harwood’s poetry as the psych and its effect on the persona is explored. A psychoanalytical perspective would argue that memories are used to come to terms with the present psychological state. For example, the memories of her friend and of her father impact her to think of death ‘no more’. More so, light imagery is recurringly used to represent memories. For example the light refracting on the shell can be seen as a representation of the vivid and enthralling memories the persona experiences. This theme of â€Å"Memory† is similarly explored in the â€Å"The Violets† where a past memory helps support the present action which is of picking violets. Just like in â€Å"At Mornington† structure is used to create meaning. Memories are separated from present experience through indentation. This allows me to clearly distinguish between the persona’s present and the persona’s memories which actively support the present. There are some truly great memories that will influence us forever. For example, as I do my HSC I keep referring back to the memories of us in India and how hard my parents worked to get us to Australia. This is the sort of memory experienced by the persona, and she also explores how these memories or ‘lamplit presences’ will never die, even as time passes. These ‘lamplit presences’ are listed to the responder through the use of punctuation, notably the colon. The colon creates pause for the responder and this pause prepares us for the final comforting memories. Furthermore ‘years cannot move’ these final memories. If you stop and think about it aren’t those important memories everlasting? In the poem violet flowers are repeatedly mentioned from the title to the end where a ‘faint scent of violets drifts in the air’. What meaning can be made from this? Well, these violet flowers symbolise remembrance and the past, which is what the whole poem is about. As she thinks about the present, where the mood is somewhat ‘melancholy’ she nostalgically remembers a past event that ultimately contrasts the present joyless mood leaving a scent of violets which are associated with memories in the air. Enough of my view of things lets explore what how this can be seen psychoanalytically! The most important aspect to be mentioned is the use of memory to support the present. This is similar to â€Å"At Mornington† where memories of the past can be seen to impact the present but the only difference is that in â€Å"The Violets† it is more that memories have helped her deal with the present issue of time. In addition, light is used again as a symbol to represent memories. In this case it is the image of the lamp in ‘lamplit’ just like the refracted light referenced to memories in â€Å"At Mornington†. Remember when we were playful children? It was the free time of our lives, not chained down by assignments or by the commitments at work. But as we age we somewhat lose that playful phase and enter one of maturity where careers, education and most importantly future of life comes into light. The composer talks about â€Å"At Mornington† how as a child there is the notion of invincibility and naivety but as an adult there is the realisation of death. ‘I could walk on water’ is what the child persona thinks, and I knew we thought like that too. I remember thinking as a child that I could be like Superman. The use of personal pronoun ‘I’ is used to create meaning. How might you ask? Well, I think it creates a personal voice in the poem and illustrates to the responder that is her experience of childhood she is talking about. The persona reflects this childhood memory when she is an adult ‘while we [they] stand, two friends of middle age’. I can see that structure is used here significantly as the use of first person ‘we’ draws all of the audience in to think about growing up, to middle age. Can you image what we will be like when we are at middle age? I think we will have changed dramatically. This is the case here as the composer juxtaposes the childhood notions of life with the present notion where they are beginning to age. What I can say here is that as children we would think of many things, for example I would think I could fly, but as we change from children to adults we begin to see things differently and sometimes notice the change. Now I have gravity and aerodynamics as a young adult in my head, sharply changing my ideas about my aspirations of superman. The persona in â€Å"At Mornington† feels invincible as a child but this is changed when she is reflecting as a middle aged adult. Again a Christian reading could be applied to this poem where the child walking on water is an allusion to Jesus further highlighting the composer’s faith. But that is as far I can go; my personal context limits me from exploring any further. Therefore we could see it psychoanalytically where childhood to adulthood demands for the psyche to change. For example as a child she sees herself as invincible but as an adult she is made to adjust her psyche so death is accepted. A psychoanalytic reading would also see the child walking on water as a move from childhood to adulthood because as she walks on water her life and psyche of naivety progresses to maturity and of self realisation. The theme of â€Å"Childhood to Adulthood† is also explored in â€Å"The Violets†. It is an autobiographical poem, which deals with the persona’s view of various aspects as a child and as an adult. This is very similar to â€Å"At Mornington† where the persona reflects how childhood notions have changed as she has matured into an adult. However, in â€Å"The Violets† it is more a contrast of how she used to see things such as the flowers as a child and how she sees them later as an adult. It is probably the toughest transitions in life, from a child to an adult don’t you think? Understanding of the world is refined and childlike views of the world are replaced with the truth. The truth is often complex, and sometimes I wish I could just think like a kid again. This is demonstrated in a paradox used by Harwood. As an adult ‘melancholy’ flowers grow in ‘ashes and loam’. ‘Ashes’ refers to dead or the bad soil, infertile whereas ‘loam’ is the soil full of life. How can this flower grow in both? It tells me that as an adult things are much more complex and an essential way of looking at things has been lost. This is contrasted when the composer introduces us to a memory of childhood. The violets are in their ‘loamy’ bed, and it suggests that as a child they could be seen as simply flowers of spring and a source of comfort. Furthermore as an adult the word ‘melancholy’ is used to describe the atmosphere and it is again different to the mood created as a child of happiness. The mother laughs at the child persona as she questions about breakfast in the afternoon. ‘Laughing’ connotes a positive mood, reiterating the fact that childhood was a much happier time than adulthood. Who wouldn’t want to go back to their childhood days and play all day and live the simple life? Punctuation is structurally left out in ‘Ambiguous light. Ambiguous sky’ which to me emphasises the uncertainty in adulthood. Without the full stop the sentence is not complete and demonstrates that as an adult not even the night and day cannot be distinguished. A psychoanalytical reading would see this melancholy experience of the adult as longing for the experiences of a child. As a child the experience is the complete opposite, it is of happiness, and it is that experience that the composer finally gets, when remembering her childhood. Also the adult gains understanding about some uncertainty through a childhood experience. The positive memory of the mother laughing in the composer’s childhood also allows acceptance to occur. That laughing supported the uncertainty she had as a child and even the present uncertainty about adulthood. I think children’s thoughts are the most flawless in the world no matter how wise one gets Just by making meaning from two of Gwen Harwood’s poems â€Å"At Mornington† and â€Å"The Violets† I have received immense personal knowledge that I will never forget. I came see that â€Å"Memory† is a wonderful thing, and without it we would be nothing but some senseless dummies. I and hopefully you see that â€Å"Memory† in both the poems has the power to influence, impact and appease the present. This is the same with the discussion of â€Å"Childhood to Adulthood† where I was certainly reminded of my childhood days when I read the poem. Childhood gives us great views, but they are taken as we grow older such as I faced that I cannot be superman. Memories and our Childhood will always stay with us, and I thank Gwen Harwood for making me realise that. We must remember what she told us about life – it is‘only a matter of balance’.

Uns Preventative Measures Against Child Labour Essay Example for Free

Uns Preventative Measures Against Child Labour Essay UNICEF summarized the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child as spelling out the â€Å"basic human rights that children everywhere have: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life†. This convention is almost universally ratified. Despite this, child labour (something that in many cases violates at least three of the non-negotiable terms laid out in the Convention of the Rights of the Child) remains rampant in most of the world. Despite this being such a widely known (and publicized) issue, the most recent estimate states that â€Å"127 million boys and 88 million girls are involved in child labour with 74 million boys and 41 million girls involved in the worst forms†. Child labour is an extremely complex, multi-faceted issue with roots including corruption of power, racism, sexism, cultural traditions and an uneven distribution of global wealth. In light of this, it is my contention that the international community is making strides to a future without child labour through targeting multiple angles and causes behind child labour. This paper will try to analyze individual instruments the international community (ILO, UN) is using in its attempt to eradicate child labour. First, we will analyze the issues that come with the wide margin of understanding and opposing definitions of the term â€Å"child labour†. We will be reviewing the Minimum Age Convention of 1973 and establishing how this could help clear up misunderstanding, establishing the understandable dialogue between nations necessary for progress. Next, we will be examining the efforts made to follow up and enforce these conventions laid out by the international community. In this section we will be looking at the Time Bound Programs initiative put forth by the ILO, assessing how effective and complete these initiatives are. Subsequently we will be zooming out somewhat, looking at how the uneven distribution of global wealth can create a vicious cycle of economic repression for the developing world and how this can be a catalyst for child labour. We will probe deeper into what is being done to prevent wealthy nations from taking advantage of poorer economies in trade agreements, reviewing guidelines and instruments put in place by the WTO. One of the issues inhibiting the instatement of a global child labour discontinuation standard is the culturally varied understanding and interpretation of â€Å"child labour†. Both words in the phrase can vary in meaning from culture to culture, sometimes forming a wide margin of understanding. Some cultures see childhood as a purely biological state (a child remains a child until puberty, consequently becoming an adult). Others see childhood as much more fluid, often lasting further than puberty and encompassing several different junctures (teenagehood, etc). The definitions of â€Å"labour† are similarly vague (hard labour, chores, familial duties etc). In an effort to combat the confusion and variability of the definition of child labour, the ILO instituted the Minimum Age Convention of 1973. In Article 2 of the Minimum Age Convention (No. 38) the ILO specified â€Å"The minimum age specified in pursuance of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling and, in any case, shall not be less than 15 years. † However, in light of the fragile state of some economies, the following paragraph (paragraph four) states â€Å"Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article, a Member whose economy and ed ucational facilities are insufficiently developed may, after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, where such exist, initially specify a minimum age of 14 years†. The ILO adjusts this further in later articles of the Convention, stating â€Å"National laws or regulations may permit the employment or work of persons 13 to 15 years of age on light work which is (a) not likely to be harmful to their health or development; and (b) not such as to prejudice their attendance at school, their participation in vocational orientation or training programs approved by the competent authority or their capacity to benefit from the instruction received. (Note that Members can apply the ratifications of paragraph four article one to this section, thereby making the ages twelve to fourteen). In formally addressing the wide berth of what can be defined as child labour and narrowing the definition to a universally accepted medium (age in numerical years) the ILO laid groundwork for Member states to ratify Conventions and projects regarding child labour with a full understanding of what is being discussed. It is no secret that the UN and its subgroups (ILO inclu ded) are notoriously bad at establishing culpability for what its Members agree to. The issue of monitoring the eradication of child labour is unfortunately no different. This is due to a number of factors including (but not limited to) the secrecy that often shrouds child labour, cultural clashes, the need to uphold a nation’s sovereignty, and the unwillingness for nations to get involved in business not directly affecting them. In an attempt to instill culpability to conventions such as the Minimum Age Convention and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (no. 182), the ILO has issued Time Bound Programs. These programs work to establish each individual ratifying countries’ issues, focusing on the elimination of the worst forms of child labour (as established in the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention no. 182). The Time Bound Programs work with ratifying countries to first attempt removal of children from the worst forms of child labour, as well as attempting to eradicate the cause behind child labour in the first place. This includes working to establish alternative work options, familial reunion and establishing protection for child workers against mistreatment and abuse. For example, Ecuador’s Time Bound Program focuses on providing meaningful education options for all children. They aim to support â€Å"sustainable education programs to break the cycle of child labor and broaden and improve the education system, especially in areas targeted by the Time-Bound Program (TBP). † In placing set time periods on clear objectives, the ILO and IPEC make the daunting issue of child labour into smaller, attainable goals. The focus on set time periods makes progress far less likely to get pushed aside or forgotten. In working with each ratifying nation individually to target multiple issues, the ILO is recognizing that child labour is not an issue that can be generalized or simplified. This awareness as to the depth and variability of root causes behind child labour is an extremely important step toward a better future. One of the most widely acknowledged causes behind child labour is widespread poverty due to a weak economy. Although there are many reasons for this, one of the most reprehensible and problematic is how the uneven distribution of global wealth can cause a vicious cycle that hurts developing nations. Many developed nations enter trade agreements with the developing world that greatly inhibit growth and economic advancement. These types of agreements can include unfair taxes in favour of the developed country, rules regarding with whom the economically weaker country can and cannot trade with. Even merely opening up trade can flood developing markets with mass-produced goods far cheaper than what local workers can provide. This stunts economies to the point of desperation, causing rampant poverty leading to child labour, trafficking, etc. The World Trade Organization was established to prevent this, running seminars educating developing worlds on how to break into the international market and monitoring international trade agreements. In educating nations about trade and monitoring how countries respond to being introduced to the global market, the UN/WTO attempts to even the playing field for countries otherwise disadvantaged. The establishment of the WTO also helps developed nations know that their actions and agreements will not go unnoticed, deterring rich countries from taking advantage of poorer nations. This is essential for global development, raising economies and therefor raising wages and quality of work. Similar to most international issues, child labour is plagued with facets of complication. The fact is that child labour merely the symptom of a plethora of greater problems. Apathy, misunderstanding, corruption and poor circumstance all have a hand in making child labour the hot button issue rallied by hippies and suburban mothers alike. In contrast to the views of first year Political Science students everywhere, there is no simple fix. Furthermore, the delicacy of the situation means actions put in place by outside sources have the possibility of setting off unforeseeable consequences. In light of this, the fight against child labour must be slow and handled with the utmost care. The international community is employing measures that both focus on the symptom (removing children from unsafe work) and the root cause (working to establish educational options and economic help).

Soap industry in India

Soap industry in India The product that I have been given by the faculty is beauty soap. I have named it as Shine. Executive Summary The soap industry in India is at the high growth rate and many new entrants are planning to launch their product in this category. The overall soap industry is worth at 60000 crores. Shine is a multinational company. It is a new entrant in the market and targets at unisex genders. I segmented Shines market according to geographical locations. It further differentiates these segments into Socio Economic Cluster (SEC) which takes into account the criteria of education and profession which ultimately measures the financial ability of consumers. The cluster is divided into five parts starting from A to E. Shine targets the urban and sub urban upper middle class and middle class segment of the population, who falls under A to C of SEC. Tactical marketing tools, 4P‘s, are extensively used by the company to market Shine. Though Shine is produced in India, Unilever India maintains the same standard all around the globe. The product is available in six different fragrances under three different sizes. Since the demand for beauty soap market is to a great extent oligopolistic, variations in price lead to price war which can eventually break down the company‘s market share. Thus Unilever cannot provide a better price than its competitors. But the price is affordable by most of the people. Shine will outsource its distribution channel to third party distributors which allow them to distribute Shine in massive bulks amounting to around ten million pieces. It undertakes the largest promotional activities in the beauty soap industry. The beauty soap industry has a few major producers of which Unilever holds market share of slightly less than 50%. Other competing brands like Tibbet, Aromatic and Keya have started to have a strong consumer base, but Shines product features distribution and promotional activities will create high brand loyalty for which it will be the market leader soon after developing its IMC plan. Shine, with the aid of its heavy promotional activities, has been able to penetrate the market. But the other producers in the industry are posing a threat towards Shine‘s market share as they have moved towards the rural masses of the population. Therefore, I have undertaken many further steps such as moving towards the rural and/or poorer segment; attract children (by making a special product for kids) and other innovative promotional activities to retain its command in the industry. Industry analysis The toilet soaps market is estimated at 530,000 tpa including small imports. The market is littered over with several, leading national and global brands and a large number of small brands, which have limited markets. The popular and premium brands include Lifebuoy, Lux, Cinthol, Liril, Rexona, and Nirma. Toilet soaps, despite their divergent brands, are not well differentiated by the consumers. It is, therefore, not clear if it is the brand loyalty or experimentation lured by high volume media campaign, which sustain them. A consequence is that the market is fragmented. It is obvious that this must lead to a highly competitive market. Toilet soap, once only an urban phenomenon, has now penetrated practically all areas including remote rural areas. The incremental demand flows from population increase and rise in usage norm impacted as it is by a greater concern for hygiene. Increased sales revenues would also expand from up gradation of quality or per unit value. As the market is constituted now, it can be divided into four price segments: premium, popular, discount and economy soaps. Premium soaps are estimated to have a market volume of about 80,000 tonnes. This translates into a share of about 14 to 15%. Soaps form the largest pie of the FMCG Market with bathing toilet soaps accounting for around 30% of the soap market, by value. Currently, the soap industry is divided into three segments namely Premium, Popular and Economy/ Sub popular. To fight competition, major players Hindustan Unilever Ltd (HUL), Godrej Consumer Products Ltd (GCPL) and Wipro Consumer Care Lighting are now drawing up fresh game plans. And the accent is clearly on innovation to gain mind share as well as market share in this overcrowded category. Major Players Hindustan Unilever Ltd. With over seven brands — LUX, LIFEBUOY, HAMAM, REXONA, BREEZE, DOVE and PEARS — has 54.3% share of the overall soap market. HUL is Indias largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods Company; its journey began 75 years ago, in 1933, when the company was first incorporated. The company stirring the lives of two out of three Indians with over 20 distinct categories in Home Personal Care Products and Foods Beverages and also one of the countrys largest exporters. HULs brands includes Lifebuoy, Lux, Surf Excel, Rin, Wheel, Fair Lovely, Ponds, Sunsilk, Clinic, Pepsodent, Close-up, Lakme, Brooke Bond, Kissan, Knorr-Annapurna, Kwality Walls are household names across the country. They are manufactured in over 40 factories across India. In the Rs7,000 crore by sales soap market, HUL‘s market share has dropped to 54.3% in March 2008 from 55.9% in March 2006. Godrej Consumer Products GCPL, India‘s second largest soap maker after Hindustan Unilever Ltd, has nearly 9.2% market share. With 11% market share in value terms, it is the second largest soap maker after Hindustan Unilever. Godrej Consumer Products (GCPL) is a major player in the Indian FMCG market with leadership in personal, hair, household and fabric care segments. The company is one among the largest marketer of toilet soaps in the country with leading brands such as CINTHOL, FAIRGLOW, NIKHAR, ALLCARE. Fairglow brand, Indias first Fairness soap, has created marketing history as one of the most successful innovations. It is also the preferred supplier for contract manufacturing of toilet soaps, some of which are the most well-known brands in the country. Wipro In the Indian market, Wipro is a leader in providing IT solutions and services for the corporate segment in India. Wipro also has a profitable presence in niche market segments of infrastructure engineering, and consumer products lighting.Wipro has made a large acquisition in the Consumer Care business. The presence of Wipro in the toilet soap industry can be seen through their brands such as SANTOOR and CHANDRIKA. With industry leading organic growth rates and the acquisition, Consumer care business has reached a Revenue run rate in excess of $100 million per quarter. Procter Gamble India Procter Gamble India (PGHHCL) was incorporated in 1964 after Procter Gamble, US, acquired Richardson Vicks, US. Formerly known as Richardson Hindustan (the Indian Subsidiary), it was later named as PG. It changed its name again in 1998 to Procter Gamble Hygiene and Health Care in order to reflect the nature and character of the business of the company. During 2004-05 the company has increased its installed capacity of Soaps Detergents and Toilet Preparations etc by 36500 Tonnes and 263 Tonnes respectively. With this expansion the total installed capacity of Soaps Detergents and Toilet Preparations etc has increased to 108500 Tonnes and 5875 Tonnes respectively. Nirma Incorporated as a private limited company, Nirma was converted into a deemed public company and then to a public limited one in Nov.93. Nirma has a leadership presence in Detergents, Soaps and Personal Care Products. To have a greater control on the quality and price of its raw materials, Nirma undertook backward integration into manufacture of Industrial Products like Soda Ash, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), Alfa Olefin Sulphonates (AOS), Fatty Acid, Glycerine and Sulphuric Acid. During 1996-97, Nilnita Chemicals, Nirma Detergents, Nirma Soaps and Detergents, and Shiva Soaps and Detergents were amalgamated with the company. The company created Nirma Consumer Care Ltd. a wholly owned subsidiary on 22nd Aug.97, which is the sole licensee of the brand name Nirma within India. Nirma enjoys a share of 6.74% in soaps. ITC ITC, the country‘s largest cigarette maker, entered the segment last year and has made a strong headway in a short time. According to AC Nielsen, its share has grown to 1.75% in just five months despite the fact that many of its brands such as Superia, Fiama Di Wills and Vivel are currently sold in only six states. Competitor analysis Santoor: Santoor is the flagship brand in the Wipro Consumer Care Lighting stable and the 2nd largest brand of soap in India in the popular segment of the category. The brand enjoys two decades of trust since its launch in 1986 and has grown to be counted amongst the top brands in the Country in an intensively competitive market. Millions of women across the country have discovered the secret of younger looking skin with Santoor. It is a truly unique soap that combines the goodness of natural ingredients Sandal, Turmeric and natural Skin Softeners. Sandal provides a cooling and soothing effect that softens skin, while turmeric controls formation of skin darkening pigments like melanin, to give skin a radiant glow. Natural Skin Softeners make skin soft and supple. The end result, skin that is so healthy and beautiful, it lies about your actual age. Amongst the first brands in the Country to launch an offering with the twin ingredient benefits of Sandal and Turmeric, Santoor has over the years moved from a purely natural ingredient based appeal, to one of the most preferred beauty soaps of the day. Today, Santoor is one of the fastest growing soap brands in India. Santoor is available in three variants Santoor (Sandal Turmeric), Santoor White (Sandal Almond milk) and Santoor Chandan which is a premium soap manufactured with extracts of Sandalwood oil a favourite of discerning consumers. Cinthol Cinthol the popular and much-loved brand of Godrej Consumer Products Limited (GCPL) have been a favourite of people for many years. All different soaps in its range are having feel-fresh fragrance and high TFM index. Cinthol‘s range covers an economic Lime-fresh, the medium deo-soaps (spice, lime,cologne and the new ‘sport‘) and a slightly expensive ―Cinthol-Original. For decades, Cinthol-Original is one of the best soaps made in India. It had a simple red-cover which attracts none! But was still able to sustain itself in the market . Godrej has now launched the improved Cinthol range. Cinthol now offers a deo-range of soaps, talc and deo-sprays in three exciting fragrances Classic, Cologne and Sport in a trendy new packaging. It also offers Cinthol fresh soap and Cinthol Regular soap with new exciting packaging. The eye-catching and vibrant packaging symbolizes a sense of adventure, zest and action. The new Cinthol range brings 24-Hour Confidence through Ac tive Deo Formula, which controls body odour, Powerful DryShield that absorbs sweat, UltraScent Technology for long lasting fragrance and Freshness that revitalises you 247.The new range will be available across the country at modern retail and other outlets and will be supported by high-impact advertising on television, print, out-door, on-line and radio. Vivel and Superia The Vivel Di Wills range is available in two variants. Its unique carton pack has been developed by ITCs design team to provide a novel consumer experience. Vivel Di Wills Sheer Radiance is enriched with Olive Oil, to provide skin lustre to make it radiant. Vivel Di Wills Sheer Crà ¨me is enriched with Shea Butter, to moisturize skin to make it soft and supple. The Vivel range of soaps is available in four variants:- 1) Vivel Young Glow is enriched with Vitamin E and Fruit Infusions which help in providing youthful glow to the skin. 2) Satin Soft is enriched with Vitamin E and Aloe Vera which help the skin feel Vivel beautifully soft. 3) Vivel Sandal Sparkle is enriched with Sandalwood Oil and Active Clay which helps in providing clear skin. IMC PLANNING Mission Shines mission is to add Vitality to life. They meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. Their deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world give them strong relationship with consumers and are the foundation for their future growth. A key requirement is building in the quality expectations of their consumers into their products. PRODUCT PROFILE Shine soap is introduced as bathroom soap. Shine in step with the changing trends and evolving beauty needs of the consumers, offers an exciting range of soaps and Body Washes with unique elements to make bathing time more pleasurable. One can choose from a range of skincare benefits like firming, fairness and moisturising. Shine stands for the promise of beauty and glamour as one of Indias most trusted personal care brands. Shine offers a range of soaps in different colours and world class fragrances. Shine is a beauty soap of film stars. Shine recognized the need for a compelling message about beauty that would resonate with women of today. Product Category, Market Segmentation, Target Marketing and Positioning This section describes the category of the selected product. The chapter is organized into four sections. Section 1 states under which category the product falls. Section 2 describes how Shine differentiates the population and categorizes them into different segments. Section 3 analyzes which segment the company targets and why they target that specific segment. Finally section 4 describes the process through which the company tries to capture a place in the buyers mind i.e. the product positioning method. Product Category Shine falls under the category of toiletry product as a beauty soap. Market Segmentation Shine segments their market according to geographical areas. The population of the country is segmented into three parts which are urban, sub urban and rural area consumers. Though Shine is the highest selling beauty soap in Bangladesh, it does not go for traditional mass marketing. Moreover as a beauty soap LUX does not even segment its market according to gender. Target Market Shine is not a highly expensive but an affordable product. That is why the company targets urban and sub urban upper middle and middle class people who are the second highest population of segment of the country. From the segmentation of customer according to SEC they target category A, B and C, because they are assumed to be financially well-off and can afford to buy Shine. Product Positioning Shine obtained a good position in the buyers‘mind through better product attributes, price and quality, offering the product in a different way than the competitors do. The company offers improved quality of products in the industry at an affordable price with high branding, which ultimately helps to position the product in the buyers‘mind as the best quality beauty soap. The market share of the company in the beauty soap industry is somewhere around 43%.Since in the beauty soap industry all products are of same price Unilever cannot provide its consumers with better price but it is in a great position in reference with its packaging, fragrances and product designing. Tactical Marketing Tools This chapter describes the Way Company will use the tactical marketing tools for marketing Shine in India. The chapter comprises of four sections. This section includes a table that shows the location of the company‘s warehouses all around the country. Finally a section discusses the promotional activities that the company undertakes for Shine. Product: Shine is an internationally renowned beauty soap brand. Though manufactured in India for the local market by Unilever India ltd, as an international brand, it maintains an international quality for the product. Formula given by Research and Development departments in foreign countries, Shine is produced in India from imported raw materials like sodium soap, glycerol and different extracts according to flavours, coming from Unilever plants situated abroad. Shine is offered in India in six different flavours which are: Shine Energizing Honey, Shine Golden Glow, Shine Nature Pure, Shine Orchid Touch, Shine Almond Delight and Shine Aqua Sparkle. Taking into account the convenience of its customers, the company manufactures all variants of Shine in three different sizes, 40gm, 80gm and 120gm. Price: Though Shine gives its customers a lot in terms of the product itself, it cannot provide a better pricing. This is due to some constraints in the beauty soap industry. Beauty soap is a product with a vulnerable demand in India. A change in price has a high risk of creating price war among the rivals which will eventually cause a loss of profit. Its prices are almost equal to its competitor. Shine price with its major competitor. Company carries out research on competitors‘price and brand loyalty when it feels extreme necessity of changing price. The brand loyalty test is an exploratory research which is known as Brand Health Check- Up (BHCU). Place: Shine has a huge distribution channel all over the country as its sales reach more than 10 million pieces a year. The company has six huge warehouses, one in each division of India, where the product goes after they are manufactured at Uttaranchal factory. The company will not use its own fleet of transport for distributing its product. However, it will outsource its distribution process to various third party distributors. These distributors will then supply the product all over India to a huge number of retailers. Even though Shine targets the urban and sub urban middle and upper middle class people they are distributing their products all over India because of a recent increase in demand of its product to all segments of the population. Promotion: Shine will undertake a huge promotional activity to promote itself. I will spend almost 20% to 25% of its Net Proceeds from Sales (NPC) of Shine for promotional activities. It will include certain annual promotional campaigns like Shine Channel i Superstar and Shine Channel i Annual Cinema Awards, which will made the product a part of the glamour world. Since our Indian audiences are emotionally attached to its root culture and gets easily attached or relate themselves to celebrities, so I will promote Shine by endorsing famous bollywood celebrities like Hema Malini, Priyanka Chopra, Kareena Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai Bachan etc. I will not promote Shine in India for the beauty conscious females only, but it will also be promoted as the brand for males by including world famous male celebrity Shahrukh Khan for the advertising campaign. Shine will spend a huge amount of money for promotion through TV commercials, newspaper advertisements and billboards. Moreover I will also undertake small promotional campaigns at different colleges, universities and recreational parks with winners of its Zonal Beauty Contests. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION A) Sales Promotion Sales promotion, a key ingredient in marketing campaigns, consists of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Whereas advertising offers a reason to buy, sales promotion offers an incentive to buy. Prominent Promotional schemes that will be used by Shine 1. Sales Promotion to Consumers: Consumers are extremely complex human beings, motivated by several factors. Hence it is important to understand a consumers motivation given a certain product and product category. Consumer promotions are those that are directed to the consumer. The objective of consumer promotions is to offer the consumer some added benefit to entice him to buy the product. There are several possible tools that I will use to promote Shine: Sampling: As my product is new to the market, so this promotional tool is generally used when one is introducing a product for the first time. In this case, a small quantity of the product will be given as a sample. These samples will be distributed either at the residence of the consumer or even at the retail outlet provided by a condition. Quantity Deals: Here the company will offer more quantity of the same product for the same price or a marginally increased price. For example, most of the FMCG companies bundle 3 or 4 soaps in a pack priced at the cost of 3 soaps. The purpose is to induce the consumer to buy more and more products at less cost. This will benefit both the customers and company. Customers can have 4 soaps at the cost of 3 whereas company can slightly decrease their profit but after selling their products at large quantity their profit will rise (Economies of Sales). In-Product gift: In this case the gift item is attached to the product from outside. E.g.: once Lux presented 30 gm gold each to the first three winners of the Lux Gold Star offer from Delhi. According to the promotional offer that Lux unveiled in October 2000, a consumer finding a 22-carat gold coin in his or her soap bar got an opportunity to win an additional 30 gm gold. The first 10 callers every week got a 30 gm gold each. This offer helped lux to increase its sales rapidly. I will also use this type of tool to promote my product and hence increase the sales of SHINE. 2. Sales promotion to Traders: Trade promotions are those that a company runs to elicit a better and quicker response from the trade. Some of the trade promotional tools that I will be using are: On-Consignment Sales: This tool is normally used by companies that are new entrants and are not known in the marketplace. Here companies encourage traders to stock their products on an â€Å"on-consignment† basis and pay only when the product moves off the shelves. My company will use this tool to encourage the new retailers to sell my product and pay after the product moves off the shelves. Dealer gifts: Personal motivation is very necessary in order to boost the sales because if the retailer is happy that the company cares for him, so the retailer will work hard to sell the product of the company by telling the customers that it is the best product that will benefit them. I will use this tool by giving dealers/retailers gifts on the occasions of EID, Diwali, New Year so that they get more loyal to our product and maintain good relations with them. Point-of-sale Material: Traders will be given attractive point-of-sale material for displaying Shine. We will provide shelf stickers, streamers, attractive stands to hold the soap etc. Online contests: Example: Shine Please enter your name and email to play the game. Play the supercharged version of the hit puzzle game, Bejeweled. Create rows of 3 or more identical stones and you could win a trip for two to a five-star Resort in Goa. B) Advertisements: There are number of sources available for passing the product message. These are as follows: 1) Television 2) Outdoor (Billboards) 3) Magazines 4) Newspapers 5) Internet My company will use various advertising appeal to attract customers. These will include affective emotional, seductive, comparative appeals in the videos, newspapers and on the internet. The advertisements will be endorsed by famous bollywood celebrities like Priyanka chopra, Aishwarya rai, Asin etc. to target the youth and mid age group. However there will be also a male advertisement where Shahrukh khan may endorse the Shine. Advertising Campaign: The advertisements will run in a campaign where a complete program of advertisements will be aired by parts from time to time. The first base of the advertising campaign will be advertising strategy, where a plan will be devised to maintain a viable fit between my organizations objectives and resources and changing market opportunities. Advertising strategy is the ‘message that a company gives to solve a communication-related problem. My companys advertising strategy is to create awareness and brand equity of the shine. The next step is to create a ‘Big idea where an advertiser selects an idea for communicating the strategic message in a creative way. It is a link between strategy and creative execution. It may be also called a central theme. The central theme of my advertising campaign will be how men are magnetically attracted towards women using Shine soap. Once the big idea is finalized, then it follows its creative execution. Creative execution deals with the physica l form of an advertisement- story, script, copy, art, music, overall production. The creative execution of Shines ad will include creative tagline, elements of wit and humour, role of glamorous actress and models using shine soap while bathing and then the media will be asking them what is their beautys secret and like that. Choice of Strategic Approaches: Unique Selling Proposition: A brand may have a true and distinctive competitive advantage called the Unique Selling Proposition (USP). The USP is a distinctive advantage that is both valuable to the brands customers and is unexploited by its competitors. The USP of Shine will be a guaranteed effect of fairness of the skin, and its ingredients that are made of no chemicals. C) Creative Execution on Radio: The most creative advertisement can be made on Radio, if its script is written creatively. The power of radio in country like India is much more than TV. We always notice that during cricket matches, a number of companies promote their products on radio, like sound of the whistle which a person might think of Hawkins Pressure Cooker. It is because Hawkins advertisement on radio has been created well that is why people still remember the sound of Hawkins. Another example is of jingle of titan, which can be easily recalled by a person who have heard it on radio. In the same way, I will promote my product on radio by writing a creative script and then executing it on radio with the help of sounds, voices and jingles. D) Communication through Internet: Internet is the most advanced medium that a company can use effectively to boost its sales and create a distinctive image or brand equity. Many companies have started to give online advertisements. It can be on e-mails ( yahoo, Gmail etc.), networking sites ( orkut, facebook, hi5 etc.) or may be any form possible on the Internet. The message in these types of ads will be same as the company have made to produce an integrated marketing communication. The advertisement of Shine on Internet will take these forms: a) Translucent Float banner advertisements: These types of advertisement are displayed mostly on the opening up of e-mail ids. Like in the above picture, Shine will also use translucent float banner advertisement because this type of advertisement will have a good impact on the audience that they remember the product when they use their e-mails. In this advertisement, a screen would appear before a person prompting him/her to fill a form of feedback or to enrol in an online contest. b) Virals: Like traditional viral marketing, Internet virals also rely on spreading the buzz online. Viral advertising refers to people passing on interesting and entertaining promotional content, generally sponsored by a brand to create awareness, build equity or get publicity. Shine will use the viral advertisement by using advergames ( using video games to advertise a product), flash games, messenger messages ( on yahoo).

Teens Shouldnt Diet Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why Teens Shouldn’t Diet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dieting can be defined as restricting calories or food groups (Deal with Diets: kidshealth.org). With the number of obese people growing, it’s no wonder that people are starting to diet, and â€Å"in 1988, Americans spent 32 billion dollars on diets and diet products (Baird: Women’s Health Fact Sheet).† A problem arises when teens start restricting their food, because dieting can be very harmful to a teenager’s still-developing body. It can also be harmful to the teen’s psychological health as well. â€Å"80% of teen girls are unhappy with their bodies and weight (Community Action: 27% of Teens in Peril from Dieting), and 50% of teen girls incorrectly believe that they are overweight, increasing the likelihood that they will diet (Strauss 741).† Dieting comes with its own host of problems which is why teens should definitely not diet because it can cause obesity, eating disorders, and nutrient deficiencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people may be surprised by the fact that dieting can actually cause obesity later. It seems like a paradox, but it really isn’t. When someone else controls the way you eat, it’s very natural to rebel. Also, when someone diets, it slows down their metabolism, and when a person starts eating like they used to, the metabolism doesn’t have any time to adjust to that, and there is a weight gain. Plus, dieting lowers a person’s blood sugar, which can trigger depression, then trigger binge eating, which leads to weight gain (Drohan 30-32). This may all seem like theory, but there have been two recent studies to explore it further. Harvard Medical School put together a study, testing this theory, and the results were surprising. What they found after testing 8,203 girls and 6,769 boys was that the adolescents who dieted frequently actually gained more weight each year than other children. Both the males and females suffered from the boomer ang effect of dieting, and gained, on average, two pounds more than the non-dieters. They then determined that the weight gain was due to the fact that when teens diet, they are restricting themselves. When a person cuts down on calories, it becomes very hard for them to control the cravings, desires, and the hunger. When they can no longer control themselves, ... ...bsp;Overall, dieting can be very dangerous. It can lead to obesity, cause eating disorders, or be the source of nutrient deficiencies. Teens diet for a variety of reasons, but they really shouldn’t, because it really can be detrimental to their health. What teens need to realize now is that if they practice unhealthy eating now, they are setting themselves up for physical and mental problems late in life, which won’t help themselves or their loved ones. A teen needs to also identify the reasons why they are thinking of dieting anyway. Yes, it might be because they are obese, but many people incorrectly believe that they are overweight, and there are causes of that, which need to be addressed. Teens diet because they are on a quest for the perfect body, but they need to realize is that their perfect body may not match the body they see on the television or in magazines. Any teen who starves herself to become thin is only setting herself up for disaster. Teens just ne ed to try to accept themselves for who they are, and then everyone else will accept them also. They need to realize that it’s not worth their health to go on a quest for the perfect body that has been airbrushed anyway.

Essay --

Acid rain has a harmful impact on the environment which is a serious environmental problem that affects large parts of the United States and Canada. Acid rain is particularly damaging to lakes, streams, forests and the plants and animals that live in these ecosystems. Acid rain is referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. They are oxidized in the air until they are converted to sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids are then captured by raindrops which fall to the earth as acid precipitation. This process is called deposition. We know this as acid rain, but we can have acidic snow or hail and even acidic dust particles falling from the sky. It can occur in natural resources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion. Acid rain comes in wet deposition or dry deposition. Wet deposition is any form of precipitation that removes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the Earth’s...

1980 African American Education :: essays research papers

1980s African American Education Amount of Blacks in college 1980: Impressive 718,000 1987: Growing more slowly, 855,000 *1988: Sliding back down to 785,000 *In 1988, the enrollment of black men declined, while it increased for women. There were 179,000 black women in college, then black men. Percentage of highs school graduates going to college 1960-1970: Males exceeded women 1980’s: women overtake men and never lost the lead Popular concentration in education in the 1980’s 1981: business and management were the most popular of all black bachelor’s degree recipients. 13,325 blacks earned a bachelor’s degree in business and management (40% earned in historically black colleges). The Black and White Gap "The average scores of black students have remained well below those of whites, and at age 17, the reading achievement of black students was lower last year than it was in 1988—a depressing reversal of the gains made over the previous two decades," Michael T. Nettles, the vice chairman of the National Assessment Governing Board, said at a press conference held here late last month to release the results. The independent panel oversees National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) In just about every age group and in every subject, the test-score gap between white and African-American students has grown since 1986, reversing a trend in which the discrepancies decreased from the time the exams were first given in 1969, 1971, and 1973. Since the mid-1980s, gaps in several subjects and age groups have grown by statistically significant amounts. Resegregation occurring again â€Å"Studies finds the causes for resegregation stemming from a number of social and political factors: a series of court rulings beginning in the late 1980s that reversed many of the desegregation orders, the growing isolation of whites in suburban schools, and the increasing segregation of blacks and Hispanics in suburban schools.

Tda 2.5 Schools as Organisations

TDA 2. 5 Schools as organisations Task 1 Links to learning outcome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, assessment criteria 1. 1, 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3, 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3, 4. 1, 4. 2, 5. 1, 5. 2, 6. 1, 6. 2 and 6. 3. †¢Identify the main types of state and independent schools †¢Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance †¢Describe roles and responsibilities of: -School governors -Senior management team -Other statutory roles e. g. SENCO -Teachers †¢Describe the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e. g. ducational psychologist †¢Define the meaning of: -Aims -Values †¢Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims †¢Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their values †¢Identify the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools †¢Describe why school have policies and procedures †¢Identify the policie s and procedures school may have relating to: -Staff -Pupil welfare -Teaching and learning †¢Identify the roles and responsibilities of national and local government for education policy and practice †¢Describe the role of schools in national olicies relating to children, young people and families †¢Describe the roles of other organisations working with children and young people and how these may impact on the work in schools. Identify the main types of state and independent schools Links to learning outcome 1, assessment criteria 1. 1 AND Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance Links to learning outcome 1, assessment criteria 1. 2 All children in England between the ages of 5 and 16 are entitled to a free place at a state school. There are four main types of state schools that receive funding from the local authority. They all follow the national curriculum and are regularly inspected by OFSTED. Community schools – Run by the local authority, which employ the staff, own the lands and building, and decides which admissions criteria to use. Community schools have strong links with the local community and they usually offer their facilities for childcare and adult learning classes. (I do work placement at a community school) Foundation and trust schools – Foundation schools are run by their own governing body, which employs the staff and sets the admissions criteria. Land and buildings are owned by the governing body or a charitable foundation. Trust schools are like foundation schools but they have an outside partnership which forms a charitable trust. The outside partner could be a business or educational charity. They try to explore new way of working to raise standards. The governing body decides whether to become a trust school with parents having a say. Voluntary-aided schools – Are mainly religious or faith schools. The governing body employs staff and sets the admissions criteria. The school buildings and land is owned by a charity hich could be a religious organisation. They also appoint some of the members of the governing body. Voluntary-controlled schools- Are similar to voluntary-aided schools, but are run by the local authority. The local authority employs the staff and set the admissions criteria. The land and buildings and land are owned by a charity usually a religious organisation, which also appoint some members of the g overning body. There are; Specialist schools- which follow the National Curriculum and focus on a particular subject area like, sports, media or technology. Academies- which are independently managed, they are set up by sponsors from business, faith or voluntary groups in partnership with the Department for Education (DfE) and the local authority. Together they fund the land and buildings, with the government covering the running costs. City Technology Colleges- These are independently managed, non-fee-paying schools in urban areas for pupils of all abilities aged 11 to 18. They are geared towards science, technology and the world of work, offering a range of vocational qualifications as well as GCSEs and A levels. Community and foundation special schools- cater for children with specific special educational needs. These may include physical disabilities or learning difficulties. Faith schools- are mostly run in the same way as other state schools. However, their faith status may be reflected in their religious education curriculum, admissions criteria and staffing policies. Grammar schools- select all or most of their pupils based on academic ability. Maintained boarding schools- offer free tuition, but charge fees for board and lodging. Independent schools- set their own curriculum and admissions policy is usually decided by the governing body and head teacher. They are funded by fees paid by parents and income from investments. Just over half have charitable status. They have to be registered with the DfE, and regularly monitored by OFSTED. http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/Parents/Schoolslearninganddevelopment/ChoosingASchool/DG_4016312 Describe roles and responsibilities of: -School governors -Senior management team -Other statutory roles e. g. SENCO -Teachers Links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2. 1 School governors- work with the school, they work in partnership with the headteacher and staff. Governors do not intervene with the day to day running of the school, unless there is a serious problem. The governing body is also responsible for making sure that the schools finances are managed appropriately. It is also responsible for staffing and personnel management. They will also make decisions on issues involving the curriculum and whether to write new policies. Senior management team- Is responsible for taking interviews, inductions, performance monitoring, and appraisals. They can also deal with complaints and issues with colleagues. Deal with courses and career development. They can hold staff meetings, also be responsible for child protection issues. Have general information about policies. Sort out salary queries. Other statutory roles e. g. SENCO- This person is responsible for coordinating the special needs policies in a setting and advising staff. They will be the line of contact for any outside agencies that need to come into the school to look at individual children with special needs. Teachers- are responsible for the education and welfare of the children in the reception classes and for the communication with Parents and all members of the School community. Specific responsibilities: CURRICULUM †¢ Provide a broad, balanced curriculum based on the Foundation Stage †¢ Plan effectively, using learning objectives, producing long-term, mid term and weekly plans †¢ Organise an appropriate timetable, following School’s guidelines †¢ Arrange visits out of school for the children, to extend learning opportunities †¢ Arrange visitors to come to school, to enrich learning and encourage enquiry ASSESSMENT †¢ Assess children regularly, both formally and informally †¢ Observe individual children in different situations and involved in different activities †¢ Use Baseline Assessment †¢ Keep up to date profiles for all children †¢ Use assessment results to plan appropriate learning programmes Describe the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e. g. educational psychologist Links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2. 2 EDUCATIONAL PSYCOLOGIST Educational psychologists consider how children learn, so are used to helping to identify learning difficulties. They visit schools and settings regularly and work alongside parents and professionals in the setting. PHYSIOTHERAPIST A physiotherapist helps to identify a child’s main physical problems while working alongside other professionals and parents. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPIST Speech and language therapists work with children who have some difficulties with their language. COMMUNITY PAEDIATRICIAN Paediatricians are manly based in hospitals and clinics. They have specialised training in children’s medicine and children are referred to them via their family doctor for diagnosis. They make regular assessments of hildren’s progress and medical needs. They are able to refer children to other health services such as speech and language therapy and dieticians. COMMUNITY NURSE In some areas community nurses visit schools and settings to help provide advice and support. Integrating health and education is a major focus for the Every Child Matters programme, so some early yea r’s centres will have a community based at the centre. FAMILY DOCTOR (GP) A GP has general training in medicine. GP’s form part of the community health team and act as a base for a child’s ongoing medical treatment and notes. CHILD PSYCHIATRIST Children or young people who are showing depression or emotional difficulties may be referred to child psychiatrist. A child psychiatrist has been trained as a doctor specialising in mental health and is able to prescribe medication as well as being able to consider the underlying issues behind a child’s emotional state. CHILD PSYCHOTHERAPIST A child psychotherapist will work with children or young people who are showing emotional distress by talking through their experiences with them and helping the child to explore these. CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST A child psychologist looks at child’s development and learning in a similar way to an educational psychologist. The main difference between their roles is that a child psychologist may support children in a range of different settings rather than just in the educational context. PLAY THERAPIST A play therapist helps children to explore trauma or experiences through the medium of play. EDUCATIONAL WELFARE OFFICER/EDUCATION SOCIAL WORKER The main function of these professionals is to liaise between home and families in cases where school attendance is infrequent. It is an offence for children over 5 years old not to be in some sort of full-time educational programme. ) SPECIAL NEEDS SUPPPORT TEACHER These teachers travel between schools to visit young people or children in their home or pre-school settings. They are able to help a wide range of children and are often seen as useful sources of support and guidance. CLASSROOM ASSISTANT/LEARNING SUPPORT ASSISTANT Their main purpose is to support an individual child, young person or a group of children or young people within a classroom under direction of the teacher. Social worker The majority of social workers are employed by the local authority, although some are employed by voluntary organisations. They are generally deployed in teams according to specialist areas, for example social workers may be involved in caring for older clients, adoption or fostering work. Social workers can provide guidance and advice as well as practical support for families. RESPITE CARERS Respite carers look after children for short periods of time so that their parents can have some time out. CARERS AND BENEFIT ADVISORS Some settings have career and benefits advisors as part of the team. They can help parents find employment and training courses and give them advice about claiming benefit. Define the meaning of: -Aims -Values Links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2. 3 Aims and Values are usually set out in the schools mission statement. Aims- explain what the school wants to achieve. They are usually set out by the head teacher with support from the community and parents. Values- can be determined by the schools rules, usually include respect for self and others and are closely related to Personal, Social, Health and Economic education (PSHE) and citizenship education. Values are based on moral code. The mission statement from the school I do my work placement at; All children will receive an education that is broad and balanced, that develops their potential and is suited to their needs. They will be given opportunities to discover and develop their talents through curricular and extracurricular activities. The ethos and curriculum of the school will instil values that will encourage independence, self esteem and respect for others. Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims Links to learning outcome 3, assessment criteria 3. 1 Schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims in a mission statement. For example the school where I do work placement explains that they are committed to encouraging the children to reach their full potential whatever their needs. Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their values Links to learning outcome 3, assessment criteria 3. 2 Schools may demonstrate and uphold their values in a mission statement. The mission statement from the school where I do my work placement states that the curriculum and ethos of the school will encourage self esteem, independence and respect for others. Identify the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools Links to learning outcome 3, assessment criteria 3. 3 There are some laws and codes of practice that affect work in schools which are; Children’s Act 2004; Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and Special Educational Needs Code of Practice; Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Children’s Act 2004 -it was passed to make sure that duties would be put on local authorities to ensure that all the different services that work with children and their families work more efficiently together. Data Protection Act 1998 – Schools are required to keep information secure and it can only be used for the purpose it was gathered for. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and Special Educational Needs Code of Practice- Schools are not to discriminate against disabled children this has led to more disabled children in mainstream schools. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974- Designed to protect everyone within the school and give procedures to follow in the event of an accident. Identify the policies and procedures school may have relating to: -Staff -Pupil welfare -Teaching and learning